INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS NEWS COMPILATION-through November 25 09-Environment Las Americas/Bolivia
November 26th, 2009
OBAMA TO COPENHAGEN: INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS NEWS COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS–TEN DAYS LEFT
November 16 through 25, 2009, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Source–The Economist, reprinted from Joe Romm (http://www.climateprogress.org) November 23, 2009. (We in Bolivia generally believe strongly in free-flowing Intellectual Property (IP) rights for expeditious climate solutions ;]. We are grateful and give due credit to the scientists, policymakers and journalists of the “developed” world, such as our hero, Joe Romm, for sharing, in order to avoid catastrophe. If you have a problem with this, Joe, let us know. We are in a climate change emergency and figure you will be happy to pitch in as we throw down the sandbags . :]) For more information on the role of IP liberation in climate change politics, see Bolivian President Evo Morales’ speech at the Pozan, Poland climate change conference, December 2008. See Alert Oilwatch. http://correo.oilwatch.org/pipermail/alert/2008-December/000594.html.
This issue features:
*today´s White House news that President Obama will attend Copenhagen with emissions targets in hand. [See Joe Romm, from climateprogress.org Nov. 25, for a more complete analysis.]
*a must-read four-page journalist briefing on Copenhagen from International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD). For already-versed policymakers and advocates, this report serves as an excellent teaching tool.
*Andrew Light and Julian Wong´s article from Center for American Progress (which former White House Cheif-of-Staff, John Podesta leads and where U.S. Special Envoy for Climate Change, Todd Stern, was a fellow) regarding U.S.-China’s mid-November climate change cooperation advances, in full-text in section #7 A and top emitters’ negotiations stance statistics in #7 B.
*my analysis: The U.S.-China climate change courtship, global climate change negotiations poker, and hopefully not “the longest suicide letter in history — TEN DAYS UNTIL COPENHAGEN
This type of “Maobama” or “Obamao” image was banned from circulation in China during President Obama’s November 2009 trip, which featured a town hall speech in Shanghai that addressed internet information freedom, climate change and renewable energy, among other topics.
The Maobama or Obamao images symbolize the increasing partnership between the two countries. Climate change and renewable energy are on the forefront of this partnership. The banning of the image in China during Obama´s trip there also represents limitations on the U.S.-China partnership in both countries, including the backlash President Obama faces from some U.S. citizens due to his efforts reaching out to China. The Obama and Jintao administrations are walking political tightropes on two continents. By posting this image, no disrespect is intended to my political and personal hero, U.S. President Obama, or to Chariman Mao for that matter, although I have some major issues with Mao. I wanted to do my part for free internet speech in China. See China Hush for more information on how the t-shirt was actually banned only during the U.S. President’s visit. China and stores reportedly were told they could sell after the visit (another sign that the U.S. and China’s desire for profits brings them together). I also want to underline the crucial importance of this bilateral relationship of the #1 and #2 CO2 emitters at Copenhagen in ten days.
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1) TOP OF THE NEWS
– President Obama will attend Copenhagen with emissions targets. That’s my President! In fact, a few of the cabinet members will be there at a U.S. climate change center. See Joe Romm’s cite, below for Obama leadership on climate and energy. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president-attend-copenhagen-climate-talks; http://climateprogress.org/2009/11/25/breaking-obama-to-attend-copenhagen/
–More than 100 icebergs headed to New Zealand [I hear these icebergs are on their way to Copenhagen COP 15 to adopt negotiators ;) ]. http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20091123/ts_afp/australianzealandantarcticaclimateiceberg
–At least 60 heads of state will attend Copenhagen. Hooray!http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8373551.stm
–Andrew Light and Julian Wong. Center For American Progress, proclaim Copenhagen a near victory: “Announcements of U.S.—China Cooperation Create A Path To Copenhagen Success.” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/11/china_ccs.html. See the article in full text, Section #7 A, below.
–Key and unprecedented US-China climate change and renewable energy deal. Joe Romm, Climateprogress.org, Wednesday, Nov. 17, 2009. See full article below.
–Transnational Institute (which consults with many small countries, such as Bolivia, on climate change negotiations) contradicts Joe Romm and the European Union’s assertions that the European Trading System (ETS) has succeeded. Last week I republished Joe Romm’s piece on the success of the ETS. This week, I found this piece by Kevin Smith of Transnational Institute claiming ETS has been a failure (without citing any real proof). http://www.tni.org/es/node/69218. BUT SEE, Joe Romm´s Nov. 12 blog post http://climateprogress.org/2009/11/12/europe-exceed-kyoto-target-european-trading-system-has-worked/
–California outlaws big TVs. I love you California! If California is doing it, you know we in Bolivia ought to be doing it too. See http://tech.yahoo.com/blogs/null/154936/california-outlaws-large-power-hungry-tvs/
2) HIGHLIGHTS AND ANALYSIS
TEN DAYS UNTIL COPENHAGEN: The U.S.-China climate change courtship, global climate change negotiations poker, and hopefully not “the longest suicide letter in history”
by Adam Zemans, Nov. 25, 2009. Cochabamba, Bolivia. Copyright.
The U.S. and China are now courting heavily in bilateral climate change negotiations, but will they marry at Copenhagen? The Center For American Progress’ (CAPs’) Joe Romm, Andrew Light and Julian Wong (in a Nov. 20 climateprogress.org posting from CAP, “Announcements of U.S.-China cooperation create a path to Copenhagen success”), would give us hope for transference from bilateral foreplay to the birth of life-changing commitments within the multilateral setting of the Copenhagen COP 15 climate change conference. I am skeptical of CAP’s triumphalism (for the moment at least) for a variety of reasons. Most importantly, China remains addicted to coal for 70 percent of its energy needs, is growing like metastasized cancer and CCS technology is years away from successful implementation (which is too little too late, as Joe Romm himself has said). In addition, U.S.-China joint initiatives rely on too many energy sources of dubious cleanliness to effecitively thrwart dangerous climate change.
More generally, Mike Shanahan, author of a just-published report for journalists from the International Institute For Sustainable Development (IISD) expressed my own doubts about the prospects for COP 15 very well, when he concluded his briefing by referring to the European Commission’s President, José Manuel Barroso’s statement in September 2009 that: ‘If we do not sort this out, it risks becoming the longest suicide note in history.’ As each negotiator aims to maximise their country’s gain and minimise their concessions, we are left waiting to see who blinks first in the world’s biggest poker game.” To down load this journalists’ briefing http://www.iied.org/pubs/display.php?o=17074IIED
How a U.S.—China lifelong marriage and a broader poker game fit together is anybody’s guess ten days before the big event!
On Nov. 17, Romm, synthesizing Light and Wong, did an excellent job in highlighting U.S. and China cooperative accomplishments. To be sure, the U.S. and China took a giant leap forward this week, with unprecedented joint pursuits in climate change and energy policy, including: 1. greenhouse gas inventory 2. joint clean energy research center 3. electric vehicles 4. energy efficiency 5. renewable energy 6. 21st century coal 7. shale gas 8. nuclear 9. public-private partnerships on clean energy. “In a joint statement, President Barack Obama and President Hu Jintao agreed on a common approach to achieve a successful outcome in international climate negotiations…” Joe Romm, “U.S. and China announce ‘positive, cooperative and comprehensive plan…,” Climate Progress, November 17, 2009. See also The Washington Post, November 17, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/17/AR2009111701090.html. Nevertheless, the Presidents landed far short of what the world needs: commitment to deep and truly binding emissions agreements, vows they can fulfill with Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable (MRV) actions from now until eternity.
But, as it was when CAP recently announced India’s revolutionary turn around in climate change policy, which India did an aboutface on only days later, it is too early to celebrate the U.S. and China walking down the aisle together on anything much more than business—profits—as usual. And I believe the ultimate prize, while it ultimately will save climate change costs, will require an unprecendented dowry, for both the U.S. and China. The hard stuff in the relationship will then begin. Meanwhile, the “Earth [is] heading for 6c of warming,” according to the U.N.–affiliated Global Carbon Project’s lead scientist. BBC. November 24, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8364926.stm
Nov. 23, 2009—In Britain this week, a once every 1,000 year weather event (Joe Romm, Climateprogress.org).
3) INTERNATIONAL
US-CHINA
–Andrew Light and Julian Wong. Center For American Progress, “Announcements of U.S.—China Cooperation Create A Path To Copenhagen Success.” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/11/china_ccs.html. See the article in full text, Section #7 B, below.
–John Podesta, Andrew Light and Julian Wong. “Cooperation Is Key.” Nov. 4, 2009. [Provides very specific CCS proposals primarily, in English and Chinese]. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/11/china_ccs.html
US
–Bill Mckibben’s very positive review of Al Gore’s new book, Our Choice. http://www.progressivebookclub.com/blog/2009/11/03/pbc-book-review-bill-mckibben-on-our-choice-by-al-gore/
–A short summary of Al Gore’s new book, Our Choice. http://www.progressivebookclub.com/pbc2/viewBook.pbc?id=1882
Europe
–See “Top of the News” above regarding the European Trading System (ETS).
4) NATIONAL (BOLIVIA).
–From Teresa Flores in email correspondence last week: Frank Fog is right, global warming is not the main reason of the water loss of the Titicaca Lake, but rather the overuse of its tributaries, particularly by mining industries in Peru. This was the conclusion of the research presented this year at the Symposium of the Institute of Ecology in La Paz. Agriculture, population grow, and natural conditions are also factors to be considered.
Whereas, I would also agree with the procrastination statement, it is not making a favor to the cause, to deliver inaccurate information. [Contrary to a previous U.N. news report, taken from ATB channel I believe].
Teresa Flores
––China y el litio de Bolivia. http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/economia/20091120/china-ratifica-interes-en-el-litio_46113_79806.html.
–Author’s random note: Bolivians could have a lot to offer the world in the 2020s as global economic inflation and depression break loose because Bolivians are so good at recycling and repair. When the industrialized world collapses there will be a big market teaching the “developed” world how to fix and save everything, like is traditional here in Bolivia.
– Transparency International. As also reported in Los Tiempos, Bolivia scored at 2.7 on the corruption scale out of a high score of 10. It was 120thin its position, with New Zealand in first place and Afganistan in last, among 180 surveyed countries. The score is a survey of surveys based on 13 different country and business surveys. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table
–Not yet able to post the citation, but be sure to get a copy of Bolivia’s Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua’s Agosto—October 2009 edition if you are interested in Bolivian climate change politics. There are a number of details on the intenational and national climate change politics that I had not previously seen.
5) SELECTED NEW EVENTS. Ten days until Copenhagen!
6) ATTENTION-CATCHING THEORETICAL INSIGHTS. None this week.
7) SELECTED ARTICLES IN FULL-TEXT (apparent links within will not connect):
A) Joe Romm, Climateprogress.org, Nov. 17, 2009.
| U.S. and China announce “positive, cooperative and comprehensive” plan for collaboration on clean energy and climate changePosted: 17 Nov 2009 12:01 PM PST. Joe Romm. Climateprogress.org.“Very exciting day here in Beijing. There’s enormous interest in both governments in working together to fight climate change. The package announced today is far-reaching and can make a real difference in cutting emissions.”That’s an exclusive quote from David Sandalow, DOE’s Assistant Secretary of Energy for Policy and International Affairs, who just emailed me from China about the newly announced U.S.-China cooperation plan. Sandalow is going to be in Copenhagen, so I hope to have a real interview with him then. For details on this plan (with links) and what it means, here is analysis by Andrew Light and Julian L. Wongof the Center for American Progress. Note that the deal goes beyond “obvious” areas like efficiency and renewables to include things like shale gas, which appears to exist in abundance in China and could allow repowering of existing Chinese coal plants and more rapid medium-term reductions than people have thought possible. This morning, a comprehensive planfor U.S.-China cooperation on clean energy and climate change was announced in Beijing by President Barack Obama and President Hu Jintao. The overall plan is much more ambitious in scope and depth than we had anticipated and contains directives to create various institutions and programs addressing a wide array of cooperation on clean-energy technologies and capacity building, including very important efforts on helping China build a robust, transparent and accurate inventory of their greenhouse gas emissions.These efforts include cooperation in the following areas:1. Greenhouse Gas Inventory. A memorandum of cooperation between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and China’s National Development and Reform Commission sets out avenues for collaboration on capacity building in climate change, with an initial focus on helping China to develop a robust, transparent and accurate greenhouse gas emissions inventory.2. Joint Clean Energy Research Center. Originally announced this July, more details were provided on the joint center that will “facilitate joint research and development of clean energy technologies by teams of scientists and engineers from the United States and China, as well as serve as a clearinghouse to help researchers in each country.” Financial support from public and private sources of at least $150 million over five years, split evenly between the two countries, will be provided. The Center’s research will initially focus on building energy efficiency, clean coal including carbon capture and storage, and clean vehicles. (Factsheet)3. Electric Vehicles.Those initiative will “include joint standards development, demonstration projects in more than a dozen cities, technical roadmapping and public education projects.” (Factsheet)4. Energy Efficiency. Building on the Ten Year Framework on Energy and Environment Cooperation, government officials of both countries will “work together and with the private sector to develop energy efficient building codes and rating systems, benchmark industrial energy efficiency, train building inspectors and energy efficiency auditors for industrial facilities, harmonize test procedures and performance metrics for energy efficient consumer products, [and] exchange best practices in energy efficient labeling systems.” (Factsheet)5. Renewable Energy. The two countries will develop roadmaps for wide-spread renewable energy deployment in both countries. The Partnership will also provide technical and analytical resources to states and regions in both countries to support renewable energy deployment and will facilitate state-to-state and region-to-region partnerships to share experience and best practices. (Factsheet)6. 21st Century Coal. The two countries will “launch a program of technical cooperation to bring teams of U.S. and Chinese scientists and engineers together in developing clean coal and carbon capture and storage technologies.” The Presidents also welcomed a package of announcements on public-private partnerships in advanced coal technologies. (Factsheet) 7. Shale Gas. Under a new Shale Gas Initiative, the U.S. and China will “use experience gained in the United States to assess China’s shale gas potential, promote environmentally-sustainable development of shale gas resources, conduct joint technical studies to accelerate development of shale gas resources in China, and promote shale gas investment in China through the U.S.-China Oil and Gas Industry Forum, study tours, and workshops.” (Factsheet)8. Nuclear. The two countries reaffirmed the goals of the recently-concluded Third Executive Committee Meeting of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership to promote the peaceful use of civilian nuclear energy, and “ agreed to consult with one another in order to explore such approaches—including assurance of fuel supply and cradle-to-grave nuclear fuel management so that countries can access peaceful nuclear power while minimizing the risks of proliferation.”9. Public-private partnerships on clean energy. A new U.S.-China Energy Cooperation Program (ECP) will “leverage private sector resources for project development work in China across a broad array of clean energy projects, to the benefit of both nations.” The ECP, consisting of at least 22 founding member companies, will work on collaborative projects in renewable energy, smart grid, clean transportation, green building, clean coal, combined heat and power, and energy efficiency.In a joint statement, President Barack Obama and President Hu Jintao agreed on a common approach to achieve a successful outcome in international climate negotiations (emphasis added in bold):Regarding the upcoming Copenhagen Conference, both sides agree on the importance of actively furthering the full, effective and sustained implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in accordance with the Bali Action Plan. The United States and China, consistent with their national circumstances, resolve to take significant mitigation actions and recognize the important role that their countries play in promoting a sustainable outcome that will strengthen the world’s ability to combat climate change. The two sides resolve to stand behind these commitments.In this context both sides believe that, while striving for final legal agreement, an agreed outcome at Copenhagen should, based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, include emission reduction targets of developed countries and nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing countries. The outcome should also substantially scale up financial assistance to developing countries, promote technology development, dissemination and transfer, pay particular attention to the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable to adapt to climate change, promote steps to preserve and enhance forests, and provide for full transparency with respect to the implementation of mitigation measures and provision of financial, technology and capacity building support.Taken together, these commitments and statements represent an important step forward towards agreeing on a protocol for accurate accounting and verification of China’s policies for achieving the necessary emissions reductions that science requires. They will also hopefully start to satisfy those skeptical that China will agree to a protocol for accurate accounting and verification of its impressive array of policies for achieving emissions reductions.The announcements also suggest that the United States and China are on the same page when it comes to both the necessity of aggressively moving forward on an affirmative agenda to reduce carbon pollution and create millions of new clean energy jobs. The agreement contains concrete measures for sustained and meaningful collaboration and demonstrates that the two largest emitters of greenhouse gases are prepared to move beyond the tired narrative of developed versus developing country responsibilities on climate action toward a more “positive, cooperative, and comprehensive” relationship on clean energy and climate change.We hope that the upcoming United Nations climate change summit in Copenhagen will follow this example and focus as much on bottom-up technological strategies for achieving real reductions in emissions as it will on top-down targets for carbon caps.JR: For more on shale gas and its implications for U.S. emissions reductions, see There appears to be a lot more natural gas than previously thought (Part 1) and therefore unconventional gas makes the 2020 Waxman-Markey target so damn easy and cheap to meet (Part 2). |
B) Joe Romm, Climateprogress.org, Nov. 20, 2009.
Energy and Global Warming News for November 20: Climate negotiating positions of top emitters
FACTBOX-Climate negotiating positions of top emitters
Russia toughened on Wednesday its goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions, saying it would target a 25 percent reduction from 1990 levels by 2020 compared with a 10-15 percent pledge previously.
Following are the negotiating positions of the top greenhouse gas emitters before a U.N. meeting in Copenhagen in December due to agree a new global climate deal.
1) CHINA (annual emissions of greenhouse gases: 6.8 billion tonnes, 5.5 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – President Hu Jintao promised that China would cut its carbon dioxide emissions per dollar of economic output by a “notable margin” by 2020 compared with 2005.. The “carbon intensity” goal is the first measurable curb on national emissions in China. Hu reiterated a promise that China would try to raise the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 15 percent by 2020.
* Demands – China wants developed nations to cut their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2020 and to promise far more aid and green technology.
2) UNITED STATES (6.4 billion tonnes, 21.2 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – President Barack Obama wants to cut U.S. emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020, a 17 percent cut from 2005 levels, and to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.
* Obama says he wants an accord in Copenhagen that covers all the issues and that has “immediate operational effect.”.
Legislation to cut emissions by 20 percent from 2005 levels had been approved by a Senate Committee but people few think it can become law before the Copenhagen talks.
* Finance – The United States says a “dramatic increase” is needed in funds to help developing nations.
* Demands – “We cannot meet this challenge unless all the largest emitters of greenhouse gas pollution act together,” Obama said.
3) EUROPEAN UNION (5.03 billion tonnes, 10.2 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – EU leaders agreed in December 2008 to cut emissions by 20 percent below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 30 percent if other developed nations follow suit.
* Finance – EU leaders have agreed that developing nations will need about 100 billion euros ($147 billion) a year by 2020 to help them curb emissions and adapt to changes such as floods or heatwaves. As an advance payment, they suggest 5-7 billion a year between 2010 and 2012.
* Demands – The EU wants developing nations to curb the rise of their emissions by 15 to 30 percent below a trajectory of “business as usual” by 2020.
5) INDIA (1.4 billion tonnes, 1.2 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – India is prepared to quantify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions it could cut with domestic actions, but will not accept internationally binding targets, Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh said.. India has said its per capita emissions will never rise to match those of developed nations.
* Demands – Like China, India wants rich nations to cut emissions by at least 40 percent by 2020. But Ramesh signalled room to compromise: “It’s a negotiation. We’ve given a number of 40 percent but one has to be realistic.”
6) JAPAN (1.4 billion tonnes, 11.0 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – Cut Japan’s emissions by 25 percent below 1990 levels by 2020 if Copenhagen agrees an ambitious deal.
* Finance – Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama told the UN that Tokyo would also step up aid.
7) SOUTH KOREA (142 million tonnes, 2.9 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – Cut emissions by 30 percent below “business as usual” levels by 2020, which is equivalent to a 4 percent cut from 2005 levels.
BRAZIL (111 million tonnes, 0.6 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – Will cut its emissions by between 36.1 percent and 38.9 percent from projected 2020 levels, representing a 20 percent cut below 2005 levels.
9) INDONESIA (100 million tonnes, 0.4 tonnes per capita)
* Emissions – Aims to cut emissions by 26 percent by 2020 below “business as usual” levels.
Taking CO2 from deforestation into account, Indonesia is the world’s third largest emitter of greenhouse gases
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Recommended other key climate change news links (some of which have not made it to “links yet because the author/editor has not figured out how the heck to make “links” work. (I will ge there though):).
*COP15: http:// en.cop15.dk/news/
*Yahoo: http://uk.news.yahoo.com/fc/climate-change.html
*The Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/carbon-emissions+copenhagen
*International Institute For Sustainable Development (IISD): http://www. IISD.org; Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) for a detailed and rather technical analysis of UNFCCC negotiations at: http://www.iisd.ca/climate/ccwg7/; www. climate-L.org for insider daily listserve news and events.
*United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change: http://www.UNFCCC.org for latest documents and news directly related to the negotiations
For real climate science (as opposed to propaganda), see, among others:
- U.N. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. http://www.ipcc.ch/
- REAL CLIMATE.org. http://www.realclimate.org/
- POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH. http://www.pik-potsdam.de/
- MET OFFICE HADLEY CENTER. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/hadleycentre/
- GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES. http://www.giss.nasa.gov/
- The MIT JOINT PROGRAM ON SCIENCE AND POLICY OF GLOBAL CHANGE. http://globalchange.mit.edu/
*This news compilation and analysis is created by Adam Zemans, JD, MA, Executive Director, Environment Las Americas/Bolivia. Copyright. This compilation may be freely copied and distributed with or without credit to author EXCEPT for my 2) Highlights and analysis. There, I want credit! ;]. This blog/listserve is new and the author seeks continual quality improvement. Any feedback in the continuing improvement of this document is encouraged, at:
CREDITS: Thank you so much to: volunteers–Mark Schofield, Michelle Burkhardt and Robby Keisic for help in editing and blog dynamics; the author/editor’s Prescott College PhD mentor, Professor Ed Grumbine, who has helped teach the author/editor to love scholarship again; China expert Lic. Ximena Barrientos Sanchez, who was instrumental in helping a lost soul to follow his passions for politics and climate change and become un mejor hombre professional :); and, most of all, my boys, for leading me back to my adopted home of Bolivia. Much appreciation also to my Bolivian climate change policy mentor. Without her, this maravilla would not be happening. ;)
GOAL: The goal of this weekly news compilation is to provide filtered, up-to-date information and events that are relevant to official United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations leading to and beyond Copenhagen. Dozens of articles are read and the most relevant and high quality selected for this list.
CONTENT: This climate change negotiations news compilation consists of a variety of news and analysis selected among the following sources: a) climateprogress.org; b) google alerts; c) UNFCCC website; e) NGO websites. NGO information to be tracked at times includes: IISD, Center For American Progress, Pew Center, Carnegie Institute, Brookings Institution, World Resources Institute (WRI), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) and others. A weekly check- off list of sources utilized is elaborated at the end of the weekly brief.
FORMAT: The format is as follows: 1) Top of the news; 2) Highlights and analysis; 3) International, including, on occasion, Earth Negotiations Bulletin highlights; 4) National (Bolivia); 5) On occasion, selected new events (see UNFCCC website for full event list) ; 6) Attention-catching theoretical insights; 7) Selected articles in full-text. Note, finally, for the sake of imparting meaning quickly, the titles of the articles are often my own, not those of the authors ,and some standard citation data is left out. Authorship is attributed either through quotations or italics.
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